Method of obtaining a hydroxytyrosol-rich composition from vegetation water

ABSTRACT

The invention provides olive-derived hydroxytyrosol. According to one aspect of the invention, vegetation water is collected from olives. Acid is added to stabilize the vegetation water and prevent fermentation. The mixture is incubated to allow oleoeuropein to convert to hydroxytyrosol, and then fractionated to separate hydroxytyrosol from other components. The hydroxytyrosol is useful as a natural anti-bacterial, anti-viral and fungicidal product for agricultural and pest control applications. In addition, it is useful as a therapeutic and anti-oxidant for a variety of health purposes.

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 60/230,535 filed Sep. 1, 2000, which is expresslyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to a phenolic fraction of a group ofcompounds present in olive plants known as hydroxytyrosol(3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol). Particularly, the invention provides anolive extract containing hydroxytyrosol, with low amounts orsubstantially free of oleoeuropein and tyrosol, and a method ofobtaining the same.

REFERENCES

[0003] Armstrong, B. K. and Doll, R., International. J. Cancer15:617-631 (1975).

[0004] Bartsch, H., et al., Carcinogenesis 20:2209-2218 (1999).

[0005] Braga, C., et al., Cancer 82:448-453 (1998).

[0006] Chan, J. M., et al., Seminars in Cancer Biology 8:263-273 (1998).

[0007] d'Amicis, A. and Farchi, S., in: Advances in Nutrition and Cancer2 (Zappia, V., et al., Eds.) 67-72, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers,New York (1999).

[0008] Deiana, M., et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med. 26:762-769 (1999).

[0009] de la Puerta, R., et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 57:445-449 (1999).

[0010] Ficarra, P., et al., Farmaco 46:803-815 (1991).

[0011] Gerber, M., Epidemiology of Diet and Cancer, ed. M. J. Hill,263-275 (1994).

[0012] Kohyama, N., et al., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 61:347-350(1997).

[0013] Kuller, L. H., Journal of the American Dietetic Association97:S9-S15 (1997).

[0014] La Vecchia, C., et al., European Journal of Cancer Prevention7:461-464 (1998).

[0015] Manna, C., et al., FEBS Letters 470:341-344 (2000).

[0016] Martin-Moreno, J. M., et al., Int. J. Cancer 58:774-780 (1994).

[0017] Mattson, F. H. and Grundy, S. M., J. Lipid Res. 26:194-202(1985).

[0018] Owen, R. W., et al., J. Can. Res. Clin. Onc. 125:S31 (2000a).

[0019] Owen, R. W., et al., Eur. J. Cancer 36:1235-1247 (2000b).

[0020] Owen, R. W., et al., Food Chem. Toxic. 38:647-659 (2000c).

[0021] Parthasarathy, S., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA87:3894-3898 (1990).

[0022] Petroni, A., et al., Thromb. Res. 78:151-160 (1995).

[0023] Risch, H. A., et al., Journal of the National Cancer Institute86:1409-1415 (1994).

[0024] Romani, A., et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 47:964-967 (1999).

[0025] Tsimidou, M., et al., Food Chem. 44:53-60 (1992).

[0026] Visioli, F., et al., FEBS Letters 468:159-160 (2000).

[0027] Visioli, F. and Galli, C., Nutr. Rev. 56:142-147 (1998).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0028] A high amount of dietary fat has been implicated in thedevelopment of several diseases (Owen et al., 2000c). Atherosclerosis(Kuller, 1997) and coronary heart disease (Gerber, 1994), as well ascancer of the breast (La Vecchia et al., 1998), prostate (Chan et al.,1998), ovary (Risch et al., 1994), and colon (Armstrong and Doll, 1975)have each been associated with elevated dietary fat. However, evidenceindicates that it is not only the amount, but also the type of dietaryfat that is important in the etiology of some cancers (Bartsch et al.,1999).

[0029] Olive oil, the principal fat component of the Mediterranean diet,has been associated with a lower incidence of coronary heart disease(Owen et al., 2000b; Parthasarathy et al., 1990; Mattson and Grundy,1985) and certain cancers (d'Amicis and Farchi, 1999; Braga et al.,1998; Martin-Moreno et al., 1994). Several laboratories have reportedthat the hydrolysis of the olive oil phenolics oleuropin and otherfamily members lead to small phenolic components with strongchemoprotective activity (Owen et al., 2000a; Manna et al., 2000). Inparticular, the olive oil phenolic hydroxytyrosol prevents low densitylipoprotein (LDL) oxidation (Visioli and Galli, 1998), plateletaggregation (Petroni et al., 1995), and inhibits 5- and 12-lipoxygenases(de la Puerta et al., 1999; Kohyama et al., 1997). Hydroxytyrosol hasalso been found to exert an inhibitory effect on peroxynitrite dependentDNA base modification and tyrosine nitration (Deiana et al., 1999), andit counteracts cytotoxicity induced by reactive oxygen species invarious human cellular systems (Manna et al., 2000). Finally, studieshave shown that hydroxytyrosol is dose-dependently absorbed in humansfollowing ingestion, indicating its bioavailability (Visioli et al.,2000).

[0030] Conventionally, olive oil production involves crushing olives,including the pits, to produce a thick paste. During this procedure, thecrushed olives are continuously washed with water, a process known as“malaxation.” The paste is then mechanically pressed to squeeze out theoil content. In addition to providing olive oil, the pressing alsosqueezes out the paste's water content. Such washing and pressing stepsyield a considerable amount of water, referred to as “vegetation water.”

[0031] Both the pit and the pulp of olives are rich in water-soluble,phenolic compounds. Such compounds are extracted from olives duringmalaxation, according to their partition coefficients, and end up in thevegetation water. This explains why various phenolic compounds, such asoleoeuropein and its derivatives, produced in olive pulp, can be foundin abundance in vegetation waters. Similarly, a number of monophenoliccompounds, such as tyrosol and its derivatives, produced in olive pits,are also abundant in vegetation waters.

[0032] Because of the strong chemoprotective activity of hydroxytyrosol,it is desirable to develop a method which produces an aqueous oliveextract with a high percentage of hydroxytyrosol..

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0033] In one aspect, the invention includes a method of producing ahydroxytyrosol-rich composition. The method has the steps of (a)producing vegetation water from olives, preferably depitted olive meat,(b) adding acid to the vegetation water in an amount effective toproduce a pH between 1 and 5, preferably 2-4, and (c) incubating theacidified vegetation water for a period of at least two months,typically 6-12 months until at least 75%, and preferably at least 90% ofthe oleoeuropein originally present in the vegetation water has beenconverted to hydroxytyrosol.

[0034] In one embodiment, the incubating is carried out until thevegetation water has a weight ratio of hydroxytyrosol to oleoeuropein ofbetween 5:1 and 200:1, preferably 10:1 and 100:1. In a relatedembodiment, the incubating is carried out until the vegetation water hasa weight ratio of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol of between 3:1 and 50:1,typically 5:1 to 30:1.

[0035] The method may further include fractionating the incubated,vegetation water to separate hydroxytyrosol from other components,and/or drying the vegetation water of isolated hydroxytyrosol to producea dried extract.

[0036] In another aspect, the invention includes a method of producing ahydroxytyrosol-rich composition that includes the steps of (a) producingvegetation water from olives; (b) optionally, drying the vegetationwater; (c) contacting the optionally dried vegetation water with asupercritical fluid; and (d) recovering the hydroxytyrosol-richcomposition from the contacted vegetation water. In one embodiment, thehydroxytyrosol-rich composition includes at least about 95 percent byweight hydroxytyrosol. In another embodiment, the hydroxytyrosol-richcomposition includes at least about 97 percent by weight hydroxytyrosol.In yet another embodiment, the hydroxytyrosol-rich composition includesat least about 99 percent by weight hydroxytyrosol.

[0037] In one embodiment, the recovering step described above includesthe steps of (a) recovering the supercritical fluid, where thesupercritical fluid contains the hydroxytyrosol; and (b) vaporizing thesupercritical fluid to extract the hydroxytyrosol-rich composition. Inanother embodiment, the contacting step described abov comprises thesteps of (a) providing a porous membrane having opposite sides in amodule under pressure with the membrane serving as a barrier interfacebetween a fluid and a dense gas, the membrane being nonselective forsaid hydroxytyrosol; (b) providing the supercritical fluid into themodule on one side of the membrane and the vegetation water on theopposite side of the membrane; (c) and extracting the hydroxytyrosolacross the membrane as driven by a concentration gradient of thehydroxytyrosol between the vegetation water and the supercritical fluid.In one embodiment, the porous membrane is a hollow fiber membrane. Inanother embodiment, the supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide.

[0038] In another aspect, the invention includes a dietary supplementcomprising an aqueous extract of olives containing a weight ratio ofhydroxytyrosol to oleoeuropein of between 5:1 and 200:1, typically 10:1and 100:1.

[0039] In a related aspect the invention includes a dietary supplementcomprising an aqueous extract of olives containing a weight ratio ofhydroxytyrosol and tyrosol of between 3:1 and 50:1, typically 5:1 and30:1.

[0040] The above supplements may be dried to provide a powder extract,which can formulated into a tablet, capsule, pill, or confection foodadditive.

[0041] These and other objects and features of the invention will bemore fully appreciated when the following detailed description of theinvention is read in conjunction with the accompanying figure andtables.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

[0042]FIG. 1 shows the structures of phenolic compounds and theirprecursors detected in olive oil: ligstroside (I); oleuropein glucoside(II); aglycone of ligstroside (III); aglycone of oleuropein glucoside(IV); dialdehydic form of ligstroside aglycone laking a carboxymethylgroup (V); dialdehydic form of oleuropein glucoside aglycone lacking acarboxymethyl group (VI); tyrosol (VII); hydroxytyrosol (VIII).

[0043]FIG. 2 shows the HPLC analysis of a hydroxytyrosol-richcomposition of the invention after supercritical carbon dioxideextraction from vegetation water.

[0044]FIG. 3 shows the HPLC analysis of a hydroxytyrosol-richcomposition of the invention following supercritical carbon dioxideextraction, with synthetic hydroxytyrosol.

[0045]FIG. 4 shows the mass spectrum of a hydroxytyrosol-richcomposition of the invention.

[0046]FIG. 5 illustrates the fragmentation pathway of hydroxytyrosol.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0047] I. Definitions

[0048] Unless otherwise indicated, all terms used herein have the samemeaning as they would to one skilled in the art of the presentinvention. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited tothe particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described, as thesemay vary.

[0049] By “oleoeuropein” is intended secoiridoid glucoside oleuropein(Structure II in FIG. 1).

[0050] By “tyrosol” is intended 4-hydroxyphenethyl acohol (Structure VIIin FIG. 1).

[0051] By “hydroxytyrosol” is intended 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol(Structure VIII in the FIG. 1).

[0052] II. Method of the Invention

[0053] The invention provides, in one aspect, provides ahydroxytyrosol-rich composition from olive-derived vegetation water. Ithas been discovered that under specific conditions, as described below,hydroxytyrosol may be obtained from the vegetation water of olives.Considered below are the steps in practicing the invention.

[0054] A. Producing Vegetation Water

[0055] The method of the invention employs olives that may be obtainedfrom conventional and commercially available sources such as growers.Preferably, the vegetation water is obtained from pitted olives. Theolives processed according to the method disclosed herein may be pittedby any suitable means. Pits in the olives contain tyrosol which is anundesired component in the vegetation water and which may not beappreciably broken down by the acid treatment described below. The pitsmay be separated from the pulp manually or in an automated manner asdescribed below. Preferably, such means should be capable of segregatingthe pits without breaking them, which might otherwise cause higherconcentrations of tyrosol in the vegetation water. In anotherembodiment, hydroxytyrosol is extracted from vegetation water obtainedfrom olives that have not been pitted.

[0056] To produce vegetation water, olive pulp from the olives is firstpressed to obtain a liquid-phase mixture including olive oil, vegetationwater, and solid by-products. Thereafter, the vegetation water isseparated from the rest of the liquid phase mixture and collected.Exemplary methods of obtaining vegetation water are described inco-owned U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 6,165,475 and 6,197,308, bothto R. Crea, each of which are expressly incorporated herein by referencein their entirety.

[0057] For purposes of commercial production, it may be desirable toautomate various aspects of the invention. In this regard, oneembodiment contemplates the use of an apparatus as disclosed in U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,452,744, 4,522,119 and 4,370,274, each to Finch et al., andeach expressly incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, Finch et al.teach an apparatus for recovering olive oil from olives. Initially,olives are fed to a pulper that separates the olive pits from the olivesto obtain a pitless olive meat. The meat is then taken up by anextraction screw that subjects the meat to an extraction pressuresufficient to withdraw a liquid phase, comprising oil, water and a minorproportion of olive pulp. The liquid phase is collected in a bin andthen sent to a clarifying centrifuge that separates the pulp from theliquid phase to obtain a mixture comprising olive oil and vegetationwater. A purifying centrifuge then separates the vegetation water and asmall proportion of solid matter from the mixture to obtain an oliveoil, substantially free of vegetation water, that is collected in atank. According to Finch et al., the water is put to a disposal meanssuch as a sewer. The present invention, in sharp contrast, provides forthe collection, saving and use of the vegetation water to extracthydroxytyrosol.

[0058] Additional devices that may be used in practicing the presentinvention are disclosed in Italian Patent Nos. 1276576 and 1278025, eachof which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. As above, thesedevices can be used to separate the pulp from the pits prior toprocessing of the crushed olive pulp into oil, water, and solidresidues.

[0059] B. Conversion of Oleoeuropein to Hydroxytyrosol

[0060] In one aspect of the invention, the oleoeuropein contained in thevegetation water is converted to hydroxytyrosol. The pH of thevegetation water may be decreased by the addition of acid, and thevegetation water allowed to incubate under conditions which, accordingto the discovery of the invention, promote acid hydrolysis ofoleoeuropein to hydroxytyrosol. The sample may then be fractionated toseparate hydroxytyrosol from other compounds.

[0061] In a preferred embodiment, the added acid is citric acid. Theacid is added to the vegetation water to adjust the pH to 1-5,preferably 2-4. Solid citric acid can be added while continuouslystirring in an amount of preferably about 25 to 50 pounds of acid perabout 1000 gallons of vegetation water. The pH of the resulting solutioncan be monitored, and further addition of acid may be necessary toachieve the desired pH. Exemplary methods showing the conversion ofoleoeuropein to hydroxytyrosol following the addition of citric acid aregiven in Examples 1 and 2.

[0062] The acid may also be an organic or inorganic acid other thancitric acid. Exemplary acids which may be used in the present inventioninclude the inorganic substances known as the mineral acids—sulfuric,nitric, hydrochloric, and phosphoric acids—and the organic compoundsbelonging to the carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, and phenol groups. Theaddition of acid to the vegetation water serves several purposes: (i) itstabilizes the vegetation water; (ii) it prevents fermentation of thevegetation water; and (iii) it slowly hydrolizes the oleouropein,converting it to hydroxytyrosol, as shown in Examples 1 and 2. Tables 1and 2, in Examples 1 and 2, respectively, contain data from two samplesof vegetation water and the respective percent composition of variouscomponents in the samples over time following the addition of citricacid. In one embodiment, the mixture is allowed to incubate untilhydroxytyrosol is 75-90% of the total combination of tyrosol andhydroxytyrosol, and substantially none of the oleoeuropein in theoriginal mixture remains.

[0063] C. Purification of Hydroxytyrosol

[0064] Following the conversion of oleouropein to hydroxytyrosol, theincubated vegetation water may be fractionated by a number of methodsknown in the art. Alternatively, vegetation water may be fractionatedprior to treatment with acid. Exemplary methods of fractionation includepartitioning with an organic solvent, high pressure liquidchromatography (HPLC), or supercritical fluids.

[0065] Vegetation water obtained as described above provides a solutionwhich is rich in low molecular weight polyphenols, particularlyhydroxytyrosol and a small amount of tyrosol. The concentration ofhydroxytyrosol in the processed water may range from 4-5 grams per literto 10-15 grams per liter depending upon the degree of dilution duringthe olive oil extraction. In one embodiment, the invention provides amethod of extraction or purification that selectively enriches thecontent of hydroxytyrosol without the addition of contaminants. Thus,the major polyphenolic component, hydroxytyrosol, is isolated from othermembers of the polyphenolic family, impurities, suspended solids,tannins, and other molecules contained in the vegetation water.Hydroxytyrosol may therefore be produced in a purity and quantity notreadily available by current synthetic or natural extraction methods.

[0066] A supercritical fluid is a gas that becomes very dense above itscritical temperature and pressure. Its properties are between those of agas and liquid, resulting in increased ability to dissolve compounds.Its relatively high density, high diffusivity, and low viscosity allowit to extract compounds faster than conventional liquid solvents. Carbondioxide is the gas used most widely for supercritical fluid processingof foods and food ingredients because it is natural, nontoxic,non-flammable, and relatively inert and leaves no residue in theextracted product. Typical liquid extraction with supercritical carbondioxide is usually done by dispersing one phase in the other in largecontacting columns or towers, where the solute containing fluid, such asjuices, flows downward by gravity, and the supercritical carbon dioxideflows upward. Mass transfer occurs at the interface between the twophases.

[0067] Alternatively, continuous extraction of liquids and suspensionscan be achieved using supercritical fluids, such as carbon dioxide, andporous membranes instead of contacting columns. Instead of dispersingthe phases, the liquid is fed continuously through porous polypropylenemembranes configured as hollow fiber bundles or spiral wound sheets. Theliquid passes through the porous membranes within a pressurized module,while supercritical carbon dioxide flows countercurrently on the otherside of the membrane. The pressure in the module is essentially thesame, so that the extraction is driven by the concentration gradientbetween the fluid and the supercritical carbon dioxide. The extract maybe recovered by vaporizing the carbon dioxide for recycling. Anexemplary method of extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide andporous membranes is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,884, which isexpressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0068] Other supercritical fluids, instead of, or in combination with,carbon dioxide. These fluids include methane, ethane, propane, butane,isobutane, ethene, propene, hydrofluorocarbons, tetrafluoromethane,chlorodifluoromethane, carbon dioxide, dinitrogen monoxide, sulphurhexafluoride, ammonia, and methyl chloride.

[0069] Example 3 describes a small scale experiment in support of theinvention, wherein hydroxytyrosol was isolated from vegetation waterusing supercritical carbon dioxide and porous membranes. HPLC and massspectrometry analysis of the isolated hydroxytyrosol shows the sample tobe 97-99% pure hydroxytyrosol. Thus, the invention provides ahydroxytyrosol-rich composition containing at least about 80%hydroxytyrosol, preferably at least about 90% hydroxytyrosol, morepreferably at least about 95% hydroxytyrosol, even more preferably atleast about 97% hydroxytyrosol, and yet, even more preferably at leastabout 99% hydroxytyrosol.

[0070] Prior to extraction with a supercritical fluid the vegetationwater may have carriers, which are known to those of skill in the art,such as maltodextran and/or polypropylene beads, added to the solution;and/or the solution may be dried. The drying step preferably removes atleast about 90%, more preferably at least about 95%, and even morepreferably at least about 98% of the water from the vegetation water.

[0071] An important feature of membrane reactors is the fact thatcontact surface interfacial area can be added independently of fluidvelocities. Accordingly, the invention contemplates a large scale unitwhere the surface membrane area of the membrane used for extraction isat least about 100 square yards, preferably at least about 300 squareyards, and even more preferably at least about 600 square yards to allowseparation of hydroxytyrosol from large volumes of vegetation water.Thus, the membrane system of the invention would, in one aspect, be ableto accommodate a flow rate of between 1-20 liters per minute, preferablybetween 5-10 liters per minute.

[0072] Additional purification methods may also be used in accordancewith the invention as mentioned above. HPLC isolation of hydroxytyrosineis described in: Ficarra et al., 1991; Romani et al., 1999; andTsimidou, 1992, each of which is expressly incorporated by referenceherein.

[0073] III. Hydroxytyrosol-Rich Dietary Supplement

[0074] It should be appreciated that hydroxytyrosol produced by themethod described above may be used for a variety of applications. Forexample, hydroxytyrosol obtained by the method of the present inventioncan be used: (i) as a natural anti-bacterial, anti-viral and/orfungicidal product for agricultural and/or pest control applications,and (ii) as a therapeutic and/or an anti-oxidant for a variety of healthpurposes. In one exemplary embodiment, the hydroxytyrosol, isadministered to a mammalian subject, such as a person desirous of one ormore of the benefits associated with hydroxytyrosol.

[0075] The hydroxytyrosol obtained by the method of the invention can beadministered orally or parenterally. Oral dosage forms can be in a solidor liquid form. Such dosage forms can be formulated from purifiedhydroxytyrosol or they can be formulated from aqueous oraqueous-alcoholic extracts. Regarding the latter, aqueous oraqueous-alcoholic (e.g., water-methanol or water-ethanol) extracts canbe spray-dried to provide a dry powder that can be formulated into oraldosage forms with other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Theaqueous or aqueous-alcoholic extracts can be formulated to containvarious weight ratios of hydroxytyrosol to oleoeuropein of between 5:1and 200:1, preferably between about 10:1 and about 100:1. The extractsmay also be formulated to contain various weight ratios of hydroxytysoland tyrosol of between about 3:1 and about 50:1, preferably betweenabout 5:1 and about 30:1.

[0076] The solid oral dosage form compositions in accordance with thisinvention are prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceuticalarts, and comprise hydroxytyrosol in combination with at least onepharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In making such compositions, ahydroxytyrosol-rich composition, either in substantially pure form or asa component of a raw distillate or extract, is usually mixed, diluted orenclosed with a carrier. The carrier can be in a solid form, semi-solidor liquid material which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for theactive ingredient. Alternatively, the carrier can be in the form of acapsule or other container to facilitate oral administration. Thus, thesolid oral dosage forms for administration in accordance with thepresent invention can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders or softor hard gelatin capsules.

[0077] Alternatively, the hydroxytyrosol obtained in accordance withthis invention for oral administration can be in liquid form wherein thepharmaceutically acceptable carrier is water or an aqueous-alcoholicmedium.

[0078] The compositions for administration in the present invention canalso be formulated with other common pharmaceutically acceptableexcipients, including lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol,starches, gums, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose,polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose, water, alcohol and the like. Theformulations can additionally include lubricating agents such as talc,magnesium stearate and mineral oil, wetting agents, emulsifying andsuspending agents, preserving agents such as methyl- andpropylhydroxybenzoates, sweetening agents or flavoring agents. Further,the compositions of the present invention can be formulated so as toprovide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredientafter administration to a subject.

[0079] Parenteral formulations for use in accordance with the presentinvention are prepared using standard techniques in the art. They arecommonly prepared as sterile injectable solutions, using a parenterallyacceptable carrier such as isotonic saline solution or as a sterilepackaged powder prepared for reconstitution with sterile buffer orisotonic saline prior to administration to a subject.

[0080] From the foregoing, it can be seen how various objects andfeatures of the invention are met. Those skilled in the art can nowappreciate from the foregoing description that the broad teachings ofthe present invention can be implemented in a variety of forms.Therefore, while this invention has been described in connection withparticular embodiments and examples thereof, the true scope of theinvention should not be so limited. Various changes and modification maybe made without departing from the scope of the invention, as defined bythe appended claims.

[0081] The following examples illustrate methods of producinghydroxytyrosol-rich compositions in accordance with the invention. Theexamples are intended to illustrate, but in no way limit, the scope fthe invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Conversion from Oleoeuropein to HydroxytyrosolFollowing the Addition of About 25 Pounds of Citric Acid/1000 Gallons

[0082] Table 1 shows the conversion of oleoeuropein to hydroxytyrosolover time following the addition of about 25 pounds of citric acid per1000 gallons of vegetation water. The percentages in Table 1 are shownas weight percentages of the total phenolic compounds in the solution.As demonstrated in Table 1, hydroxytyrosol comprises over 80% of thephenolic compounds in the solution after 12 months. TABLE 1 Conversionfrom Oleoeuropein to Hydroxytyrosol Following the Addition of About 25Pounds of Citric Acid/1000 Gallons Compo- Compo- Composition Compositionsition at sition at Component at T = 2 mo. at T = 3 mo. T = 4.5 mo. T =12 mo. Hydroxytyrosol 30.4% 32% 48.4% 80.2% Tyrosol 2.5% 5% 2.2% 3.6%Oleoeuropein 41% 36.6% 25.1% 1.2% Oleoeuropein 4.2% 4.6% 2.7% 3.7%aglycone

Example 2 Conversion from Oleoeuropein to Hydroxytyrosol Following theAddition of About 50 Pounds of Acid/1000 Gallons

[0083] Table 2 shows the conversion of oleoeuropein to hydroxytyrosolover time following the addition of about 50 pounds of citric acid per1000 gallons of vegetation water. The percentages in Table 2 are shownas weight percentages of the total phenolic compounds in the solution.Significantly, as demonstrated in Table 2, hydroxytyrosol comprises over45% of the phenolic compounds in the solution after 2 months. TABLE 2Conversion from Oleoeuropein to Hydroxytyrosol Following the Addition ofAbout 50 Pounds of Acid/1000 Gallons Composition at Component T = 2 mo.Composition at T = 12 mo. Hydroxytyrosol 45.7% 78.5% Tyrosol 2.9% 3.3%Oleoeuropein 28.7% 1.5% Oleoeuropein aglycone 4.1% 3.5%

Example 3 Extraction of Hydroxytyrosol from Vegetation Water

[0084] An aliquot (0.5 ml) of vegetation water containing about 40 mg ofdry solid (maltodextran) was mixed with polypropylene porous beads anddried. The dry mix was used for extraction with supercritical carbondioxide (PoroCrit, LLC, Berkeley, Calif.). The collected sample (about2.0 mg) was analyzed by HPLC. The profile of the sample is shown in FIG.2, and Table 3 shows the area under the major peak to be 97%. Whensynthetic hydroxytyrosol was added to the sample and analyzed by HPLC,one major peak appeared, as shown in FIG. 3, indicating that the majorproduct of the sample is hydroxytyrosol (Table 4).

[0085] Mass spectrometry analysis of the sample, as shown in FIG. 4,confirmed that the major product is hydroxytyrosol. The sample wasdiluted to a final concentration of 26 micrograms per milliliter withmethanol and analyzed in negative ionization mode on a Finnigan LCQfitted with an ESI probe. The infusion was at 3 microliters per minuteusing an integrated syringe pump. The temperature was 270 C., needlevoltage +4.2 V, sheath gas 45 units, and auxiliary gas 10 units. Thefragmentation pathway of hydroxytyrosol is shown in FIG. 5. As can beseen in FIG. 4, hydroxytyrosol (mass/charge 153.1) and its fragmentationproducts (123.1 and 105.1 mass/charge) account for the majority of theproduct abundance in the multi-stage spectrum. TABLE 3 Peak Analysis ofFIG. 2 HPLC Results Peak No. Time Height (μV) Area (μV-sec) Area (%) 15.935 215542 6687705 97.476 2 11.433 5686 173104 2.523

[0086] TABLE 4 Peak Analysis of FIG. 3 HPLC Results Peak No. Time Height(μV) Area (μV-sec) Area (%) 1 2.875 1345 13895 0.26 2 3.278 1076 141400.265 3 6.641 211204 5241105 98.240 4 11.961 2587 65811 1.233

It is claimed:
 1. A method of producing a hydroxytyrosol-richcomposition, comprising (a) producing vegetation water from olives; (b)adding acid to the vegetation water in an amount effective to produce apH between about 1 and about
 5. (c) incubating the acidified vegetationwater for a period of at least two months, until at least 75% ofoleoeuropein originally present in the vegetation water has beenconverted to hydroxytyrosol.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein saidincubating is carried out for a period of at least 9 months, and untilat least 90% of oleoeuropein originally present in the vegetation waterhas been converted to hydroxytyrosol.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinthe vegetation water is produced from depitted olive meat.
 4. The methodof claim 3, wherein the incubating is carried out until the vegetationwater has a weight ratio of hydroxytyrosol to oleoeuropein of betweenabout 5:1 and about 200:1.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein theincubating is carried out until the vegetation water has a weight ratioof hydroxytyrosol to oleoeuropein of between about 10:1 and about 100:1.6. The method of claim 3, wherein the incubating is carried out untilthe vegetation water has a weight ratio of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol ofbetween about 3:1 and about 50:1.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein theincubating is carried out until the vegetation water has a weight ratioof hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol of between about 5:1 to about 30:1.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, which further comprises fractionating the incubatedvegetation water to separate hydroxytyrosol from other components. 9.The method of claim 1, wherein said acid is added in an amount effectiveto produce a pH between about 2 and about
 4. 10. A method of producing ahydroxytyrosol-rich composition, comprising (a) producing vegetationwater from olives; (b) optionally, drying said vegetation water; (c)contacting said optionally dried vegetation water with a supercriticalfluid; and (d) recovering said hydroxytyrosol-rich composition from thecontacted vegetation water, said hydroxytyrosol-rich compositioncomprising at least about 95 percent by weight hydroxytyrosol.
 11. Themethod of claim 10, wherein said recovering comprises the steps of: (a)recovering said supercritical fluid, where said supercritical fluidcontains said hydroxytyrosol; and (b) vaporizing said supercriticalfluid to extract said hydroxytyrosol-rich composition.
 12. The method ofclaim 10, wherein said contacting comprises the steps of: (a) providinga porous membrane having opposite sides in a module under pressure withsaid membrane serving as a barrier interface between a fluid and a densegas, said membrane being nonselective for said hydroxytyrosol; (b)providing said supercritical fluid into said module on one side of saidmembrane and said vegetation water on the opposite side of saidmembrane; (c) extracting said hydroxytyrosol across said membrane asdriven by a concentration gradient of said hydroxytyrosol between saidvegetation water and said supercritical fluid.
 13. The method of claim12, wherein said porous membrane is a hollow fiber membrane.
 14. Themethod of claim 10, wherein said supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide.15. The method of claim 10, wherein said hydroxytyrosol-rich compositioncomprises at least about 97 percent by weight hydroxytyrosol.
 16. Themethod of claim 10, wherein said hydroxytyrosol-rich compositioncomprises at least about 99 percent by weight hydroxytyrosol.
 17. Adietary supplement comprising an aqueous extract of olives containing aweight ratio of hydroxytyrosol to oleoeuropein of between about 5:1 andabout 200:1.
 18. The supplement of claim 17, which has a weight ratio ofhydroxytyrosol to oleoeuropein of between about 10:1 and about 100:1.19. A dietary supplement comprising an aqueous extract of olivescontaining a weight ratio of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol of between about3:1 and about 50:1.
 20. The dietary supplement of claim 19, containing aweight ratio of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol of between about 5:1 andabout 30:1.
 21. The dietary supplement of claim 17, wherein saidsupplement dried to provide a powder extract.
 22. The dietary supplementof claim 17, wherein said extract is in the form of a tablet, capsule,pill, or confection food additive.